Merchant Machine’s leaderboard was calculated by creating an index based on:
- The number of people with internet access
- The number of payment card owners
- The number of ATMs per 100,000 adults
- The proportion of cash-based payments still being used
- The percentage of unbanked individuals within the population
Norway predicted to be the first ‘cashless’ country in the world At the top of the leaderboard, we have Norway. According to
surveys by the Central Bank of Norway, Norges Bank, less than
4% of total spending in the country is made using cash, which is much lower than pre-COVID pandemic.
Executive Director for Monetary Policy at Norges Bank, Ida Wolden Bache says: “An increasing number of smartphone apps can be used to make payments in shops. Online shopping is growing, and payment is increasingly made via smartphone apps and other digital wallets.” Additionally,
GlobalData reveals that the increasing value of the cards and electronic payments market in Norway is greatly down to the BankAxept domestic debit card scheme. It can also be attributed to the high proportion of the population owning a bank account, as well as the growing number of digital-first banks. In fact, as a result,
98% of Norwegians own a debit card, and each individual holds an average of 2.4 payment cards.
Wolden Bache discusses the risk of some users being
“locked in” as the range of payment options becomes more limited with time. However, Wolden Bache reassures that Norges Bank will focus greatly on creating interoperability across different systems to prevent this from happening. This means that different banking systems and mobile apps will be able to integrate if required.
Following Norway on the leaderboard, we have Finland, New Zealand, Hong Kong, Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, the UK, Singapore, and the Netherlands.
How are countries adapting to make way for more digital-first payments? Here is a breakdown of some of the different ways countries are adapting to digital-first payments
An increase in banked individuals Dan Sanford, Senior Vice President, Corporate Strategy and Development at
Visa reports that debit card payments have been growing rapidly throughout the pandemic and beyond. Some key reasons for this shift have included hygiene concerns about cash (to prevent surface transmission of COVID-19) and the growing popularity of tap-to-pay.
For instance, in the fifth most digitally advanced country in the EU, Sweden, almost the entire population (
almost 100%) is banked. There are also just
28 ATMs per 100,000 people in the country, which means cash is less readily available and cards are the go-to choice when shopping online and in-store.
All ten countries on our leaderboard have an
unbanked population at or below 5%, with many under 1%, including Norway, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, and the Netherlands.
The rise of contactless payments Contactless payment systems allow people to pay by simply tapping their credit cards, debit cards, smartphones, and other similar devices. In the U.S. alone, there are
over 300 million Visa contactless cards, and are similarly popular in many places around the world, especially in the Nordic region. For example, in Norway, an astounding
87% of card payments are contactless.
Visa reports a 150% increase in contactless payments from 2019 to 2020 in the U.S. Among merchants who accept payments at the POS, 48% of the survey respondents currently offer contactless and surveys from
Mastercard reveal that this trend will continue, with 74% of respondents stating they will continue to use contactless post-pandemic.
In Norway, the preferred payment method is
mobile apps, with more than 95% of the population using payment apps. And a further 80% of all personal money transfers are being made using mobile apps, too.
However, contactless payments include more than credit cards, debit cards, and mobile apps. The Netherlands is leading the way when it comes to smartwatch payments.
Statista data reveals that smartwatches are the preferred payment method for Gen Z and Millennials in particular, over other methods, such as cash, card, or mobile phones.
Improvements to digital infrastructure In addition to more shops accepting contactless payments, countries have begun modernizing their infrastructure to allow for more digital-first payments. A prime example of this is the transportation sector, specifically railway networks.
In the Netherlands,
NS Railway Operators have planned a trial that allows passengers to tap in and out of train barriers using contactless debit or credit cards, mobile apps or smartwatches. However, this technology is nothing new. For instance, this concept is already in use in the UK, with Transport For London having implemented this
in 2012. It proved very successful with an average of
2.5 million contactless journeys now made across London’s bus, Tube, and rail services every day - while still offering travelers the option to pay using physical cash as well.
These steps are just the beginning for many countries looking to digitalize payments across their infrastructure.
How are countries that receive U.S. remittances adopting digital payments? The migrants in the United States send more remittances than in any other country. But there are some overall trends for countries that receive the most remittances. The
top 10 are:
- India
- Mexico
- China
- Philippines
- Egypt
- Pakistan
- France
- Bangladesh
- Nigeria
- Vietnam
Both India and Mexico have seen significant headway in the adoption of digital payments, but their unbanked and rural populations still lag behind. China leads with the adoption of digital payments, with its first digital payment platform, AliPay, having been released in 2003. In addition,
86.2% of respondents in the World Bank's Global Financial Inclusion Database had received or sent a digital payment. Likewise,
88% of Egyptians reported using emerging payments in 2021, including digital wallets and money transfer apps. And Nigeria is not only the
leader of digital payments in Africa, but the government aims to
digitize its economy.
While many of these countries struggle with significant unbanked populations and rural banking infrastructure, digital money transfers are rapidly becoming a staple payment method in urban centers.
Why are so many countries moving towards digital payments? So, now we have an understanding of how these countries are making the transition to digital payments. But the real question is, why are these countries choosing to make the move?
Money safetyPhysical cash is very easy to misplace, even when kept in a purse or wallet. Cash can also quite easily be stolen. The main problem with this is that cash is hard to trace and is unlikely to be recovered if lost or stolen.
On the other hand, digital payments are all recorded and leave a digital paper trail. They also use safety measures like encryption and biosecurity features to keep your money safe, such as fingerprint verification and facial recognition. This means that it could be less likely to be lost or stolen in the first place, and in the unfortunate case that it is, you can trace your money and get it back more easily.
The same goes for card payments, which can be traced back to the online and in-store shops they were used in, as well as the ATMs used to withdraw cash. And if your card is stolen, you are able to report this to your bank and freeze your card, order a replacement card, and in many cases claim your money back.
Limit fraud and crime In addition to the safety measures in place, the details required to open a bank account, set up a mobile payment app, or use a third-party money transfer tool can also help improve safety and limit fraudulent activity. Typically, this will include proof of identity, full name, date of birth, and home address. This makes it more difficult to use someone else’s credit card unless you have all their details.
There are many instances where less cash leads to less crime. One
study in Missouri found that the state crime rate dropped by 9.8% when it switched traditional cash welfare benefits with Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) cards. One of the driving factors for this was the reduction in cash-fueled illicit action on the streets, such as drugs, alcohol, burglary, and larceny.
Digital payments can also limit tax fraud. Cash-in-hand payments are one of the most common ways businesses avoid tax payments. Tax avoidance is a serious crime - legally and morally - and can cost the economy billions. In some of the worst cases, like the UK, HM Revenue and Customs report that tax avoidance, non-payment, and fraud have cost the country
£35 billion - equivalent to $43 billion (utitlizing the December 31 2022 exchange rate)!
Convenience Generally, cash payments require a lot more effort than digital payments since, for digital payments, you no longer have the need to go to an ATM to withdraw money or carry around bulky notes and coins on your person. Credit and debit cards are much slimmer, and fit easily into your pocket. Likewise, it is very common for people to carry around their smartphone with them all the time or wear a smartwatch. This makes card payments, digital wallets, and mobile payment apps more convenient. You can simply tap or swipe and pay!
Deloitte reports that ‘at-home’ consumption is expected to rise and become a $3 trillion economy by 2025 in APAC, totaling approximately 30% of the average consumers’ expenditure. The remaining 70% will be left to ‘outside-home’ contactless expenditure – they are calling it the ‘contactless economy’. With a large proportion of consumers choosing to spend using contactless payments for this convenience, countries are keen to encourage these payment methods to help their economies flourish.
Efficiency Similarly to convenience, digital payments are likely quicker than cash payments, as it eliminates the need to travel to an ATM or queue in a bank to make a deposit or withdraw cash. You can pay for services, send money to a friend or put away your rainy day fund quickly!
Global transactions Another useful aspect of online bank payments and mobile apps is that they facilitate international transactions, typically including automated conversions of currency and exchange rates. Unlike sending physical cash in the mail, online transactions can be safer and can take less time for the sender to organize and for the recipient to get their money.
In addition to our web product, the Remitly mobile app provides you with a safe and secure way to transfer money across the world without the need to send physical cash. As Remitly is a digital service, money transfers are affordable, fast, and, your hard-earned money is protected as it makes its way to your recipient. We also offer competitive exchange rates to help keep costs low.
Financial power When using physical cash, it can be difficult to keep track of what you are spending unless you are manually keeping note. Whereas virtual payment methods can provide electronic statements, budgeting functionalities, and saving goals to help you take charge of your finances and spend more wisely.
Research shows that as people learn to manage their personal finances better and become more financially literate, they make smarter spending and saving decisions. This contributes to healthier economic growth, which is in every country’s best interest.